Citrobacter isolates were found to be third most common organism causing uti in hospitalized patients after escherichia coli and klebsiella species accounting to 9. Characterization of the chromosomal class a lactamase. Between 2015 and 2016, the bacteraemia rate for enterobacter spp. Citrobacter koseri is known to be an uncommon but serious cause of both sporadic and epidemic septicemia and meningitis in neonates and young infants. Citrobacter species are responsible for sporadic and epidemic clusters of neonatal sepsis and meningitis, and c.
Anthony hart medical microbiology department, royal liverpool hospital, duncan building, daulby street, liverpool l69 3ga, uk. A collection of 40 confirmed isolates of citrobacter spp. Citrobacter is a genus of gramnegative coliform bacteria in the enterobacteriaceae family. In a, 16s rrna pcr was performed using genomic dna from isolates that gave amplicons in pcr reactions using primers designed to amplify either of the citrobacter spp. The schema brings easy and highly discriminatory detection of subtype or outbreakspecific markers from whole genome sequencing data to your fingertips. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in serratia. In order to determine the genetic diversity, in vitro virulence properties and antimicrobial resistance profiles of citrobacter spp. Citrobacter species are enteric gramnegative bacilli. Biochemical characteristics of strain 425c1 were identical to those described for c. Urinary tract infection utis caused by citrobacter species have been described in 5 to 12% of bacterial urine. These facultative anaerobes typically are motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Multilocus sequence analysis based on housekeeping genes fusa, leus, pyrg, rpob and recn, showed that the two strains formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the genus citrobacter. Prevalence of citrobacter in various clinical specimens samples total no. The fatality rate associated with neonatal meningitis is 25 to 50%.
It is an important economic species in inland china due to its largescale processing and. Significance of primary intraabdominal infection chiangching shih, yeechun chen, shanchwen chang, kwentay luh, and weichuan hsieh from the section ofinfectious disease, department of internal medicine and the department oflaboratory medicine, national taiwan university hospital, taipei, taiwan. Klebsiella, citrobacter, enterobacter and serratia spp. Citrobacter definition of citrobacter by medical dictionary. Utis caused by citrobacter species have been described in 5 to 12% of bacterial urine isolates in adults. Lipinski t, zatonsky gv, kocharova na, jaquinod m, forest e, shashkov as, et al.
Species of the citrobacter, enterobacter, and serratia genera hereafter abbreviated as ces are. Citrobacter freundii is a species of facultative anaerobic gramnegative bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae. Citrobacter freundii are long rodshaped bacteria typically 15. The comparison of biochemical characteristics of the eight strains with those of some citrobacter species in bergeys manual was shown in table 1. The bacteria have a long rod shape with a typical length of 15. Neonatal bacterial meningitis remains a disease with unacceptable rates of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of effective antimicrobial therapy. Murray pr, baron ej, pfaller ma, tenover fc, yolken rh,editors. One hundred thirtysix strains were identified to species level by dna relatedness and then identified phenotypically in a blinded fashion. Citrobacter freundii is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and a known cause of diarrheal infections, and has increasingly.
Genetic characterization of atypical citrobacter freundii. Citrobacter koseri an overview sciencedirect topics. Citrobacter portucalensis is a bacterium in the genus citrobacter which has been isolated from a water well sample in portugal. Dna relatedness and phenotypic tests were used to determine how well these species can be identified. These non koseri and non freundii citrobacter species can cause intraabdominal infections in immunosuppressed individuals 4. Neonatal disease can occur as earlyonset or lateonset presentations. No transcriptional regulator was found upstream from bla cko. This genus was proposed in 1932 by werkman and gillen 61. Members of the genus citrobacter are gramnegative, nonsporeforming rods belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae and, as the name suggests, usually utilize citrate as a sole carbon source.
Citrobacter is a genus of gramnegative coliform bacteria in the family enterobacteriaceae. The eight isolates were gramnegative, motive, short rods. Biochemicalcharacteristics of the representative citrobacter strains. The genus citrobacter includes a wide variety of human and animal pathogens.
Citrobacter species is an emerging pathogen developing drug resistance. Pdf biochemical identification ofcitrobacter species. The gene bla cko encoding the chromosomal class a lactamase of citrobacter koseri was cloned and sequenced. Citrobacter is a genus of gramnegative coliform bacteria in the family enterobacteriaceae the species c. However, little information is available about cp citrobacter spp very few studies have reported c. Citrobacter freundii invades and replicates in human brain. Citrobacter is a genus of gramnegative coliform bacteria in the enterobacteriaceae family the species c. Silent and missense mutations were detected in four bla cko. Ability of commercial identification systems to identify newly recognized species of citrobacter. Urine samples which yielded the growth citrobacter spp. Citrobacter freundii wikispecies, free species directory. In many countries including japan, the status of emerging antimicrobial resistance among serratia spp. Two chromosomally located qnrb variants, qnrb6 and the new.
Sir, urinary tract infection uti continues to be the commonest nosocomial infection according for approximately 40% of all hospital acquired infections and it is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. Biochemical identification ofcitrobacter species defined. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for offline viewing. Infective endocarditis due to citrobacter koseri in an. In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic diversity and relationships of citrobacter spp. Citrobacter koseri pneumonia as initial presentation of. Subcategory citrobacter species a a braakii freundii gillenii murliniae rodenticum sedlakii werkmanii youngae b amalonaticus farmeri c koseridiversus b acollectively identified as the citrobacter freundii complex.
Citrobacter koseri, formerly known as citrobacter diversus, is a facultative anaerobe and motile, gramnegative bacillus of the family enterobacteriaceae. They ferment glucose and other carbohydrates with the production of acid and gas. Production of cellulose and curli fimbriae by members of the. Most cases reported have occurred in immunocompromised hosts. Frontiers genetic diversity, multidrug resistance, and. Structures of two ochain polysaccharides of citrobacter gillenii o9a,9b lipopolysaccharide. Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole, ferment lactose, and use malonate. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis. Citrobacter as a uropathogen, its prevalence and antibiotics.
Urinary tract infection utis caused by citrobacter species have been described in 5 to 12% of bacterial urine isolates in. Before 1993, only three species, citrobacter freundii, citrobacter koseri citrobacter diversus, and citrobacter amalonaticus, were recognized. Citrobacter youngae and pantoea agglomerans peritonitis in. The mortality and morbidity rate ofcitrobacter meningitis is unacceptably high. Common infections are of the urinary tract, line infections, pneumonia, and in neonates cns infections. Approximately 80% of infants with meningitis due to citrobacter spp. Citrobacter species are straight, facultative anaerobic, gramnegative bacilli and are typically motile by means of peritrichous flagellae. Medical microbiology department, royal liverpool hospital, duncan building, daulby street, liverpool l69 3ga, uk. This might be because of a lack of preventive measures during the handling of the patients in our institution. It has been described as causing human disease, but is generally found as a nonpathogenic organism in human stools. Table current species within the genus citrobacter. We report on a 30yearold man, with no medical past, hospitalized for infective aortic endocarditis due to c. Genetic diversity, multidrug resistance, and virulence of citrobacter.
Citrobacter species, belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae, are environmental organisms commonly found in soil, water, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. Strains 9779t and a121, recovered respectively from human faeces and well water, were compared to currently known species of the genus citrobacter using genotypic and phenotypic approaches. They ferment mannitol with production of gaseous h 2 s, and they can also use citrate as sole carbon source. Citrobacter sedlakii is a species of gramnegative bacteria.
No early features distinguish meningitis due to citrobacter spp. Citrobacter youngae and pantoea agglomerans peritonitis in a. Two chromosomally located qnrb variants, qnrb6 and the new qnrb16, in citrobacter spp. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis organism. Citrobacter was initially classified as genomospecies 5 of the 11 genomospecies in the c. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in serratia spp. Recent work describing six named species and two unnamed genomospecies within citrobacter has enlarged the genus to 11 species. Citrobacter koseri formerly c itrobacter diversus is a motile gramnegative bacillus usually arising from urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Citrobacter freundii is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and a known cause of diarrheal infections, and has increasingly become multidrug resistant mdr. Apr 22, 2011 the citrobacter species, including citrobacter freundii, are aerobic gramnegative bacilli. Biochemical identification ofcitrobacter species defined by dna hybridization and description of citrobacter gillenii sp. Gramnegative coliform bacteria in the enterobacteriaceae family. Citrobacter freundii fitness during bloodstream infection.
In terms of decarboxylation of lysine, which is the differential biochemical test between salmonella spp. Differentiation and susceptibility of citrobacter isolates. Ribosomal rnabased phylogeny is capable of distinguishing three groups of citrobacter species, of which, group i encompasses at least eight species and includes c. Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to. Antimicrobial resistance and cytotoxicity of citrobacter. Plesiomonas, serratia, and other members of the enterobacteriaceae. The rank order by region for confirmed esblproducing enterobacter spp. Many citrobacter infections are nosocomially acquired. Two csf specimens both grew oxidasenegative and gramnegative bacilli. Draft genome sequence of citrobacter gillenii mbtc3. Antimicrobial resistance and cytotoxicity of citrobacter spp. Fatal citrobacter farmeri meningitis in a patient with.
Citrobacter koseri is another classic bacterium described in neonatal neurologic infections, in particular as a cause of devastating neonatal meningitis characterized by the formation of multiple brain abscesses. Formerlycitrobacter genomospecies 10 and citrobacter murliniae sp. These isolates were also looked at for the presence of insertion elements is 26 and orf5, which play an important role in the resistance gene pool. The present study assessed the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of citrobacter. Citrobacter species are commonly found in water, soil, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans.
This organism has been reported as a cellulolytic bacterium, which is biotechnologically important because it can be used as a gene donor for the ethanol and biofuel industries. Cko was found to display only 41% identity with sed. In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic diversity, the antimicrobial resistance profiles and in vitro virulence properties of c. Using a selection of 4 annotated, publicly available reference genomes capturing the known diversity within the citrobacter. They are mostly a nosocomial pathogen found in compromised hosts, patients over 60 years of age, and in neonates. Epidemiology, prevalence and identification of citrobacter.
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